Revolutionary and Quasi-revolutionary Episodes Dataset RAQED (2000-2025), V1.4

RAQED (Revolutionary and Quasi-revolutionary Episodes Dataset) is an open database of revolutionary episodes worldwide from 2000 to the present. The current version covers (1.4) 253 episodes in 108 countries: from the “Colour revolutions” and the “Arab Spring” to the recent “Gen Z revolutions” in Bangladesh, Nepal, Kenya and Madagascar.

A revolutionary episode is an attempt to challenge the existing political order by extra-institutional means through mass mobilization. An event is therefore included in the dataset if:

1. peak participation exceeded 1,000 people;
2. participants demands are against the political order: the resignation of the head of state, a change of the political system, or secession of a territory. Protests over sectoral issues only (wages, tariffs, a particular law) are not included;
3. participants used extrainstitutional methods, i.e. tried to change the political order in an irregular way.

For each episode, the database records:

1. country, region, name, and exact start and end dates;
2. outcome: full success (the incumbent is removed), limited success (concessions, reforms, a peace agreement), failure, or ongoing;
3. tactic: unarmed (including spontaneous clashes with stones and Molotov cocktails) or armed;
4. goals: democratization, social justice, Islamist, separatism, or other;
5. behaviour of the security forces: mass defection of the army or police to the protesters’ side, and cases in which the revolution ends in a military coup;
6. confirmed foreign support for the opposition;
7. lower and upper estimates of peak participation.

Data (updated 06.10.2026):

RAQED V1.4 (XLSX, 143 Kb) 

CODEBOOK RAQED 1.4 (PDF, 1.12 Mb) 

All published works that present research results based on this data must cite the source:

Ustyuzhanin V.V., Semichev D.M., Grinin L.E., Korotayev A.V. (2026). New opportunities for the analysis of revolutions: Introducing a database of 21st-century revolutions [in Russian]. Sociological Review, 25(1), 9–61. https://doi.org/10.17323/1728-192X-2026-1-9-61
Ustyuzhanin V.V., Semichev D.M., Grinin L.E., Korotaev A.V., (2026). Revolutionary Database (2000–2025), V1.4. https://social.hse.ru/mr/rev_bd